He Hana Hoʻopalekana i nā Manu Noho Kuahiwi

Kaiaka Blair-Stahn

17 ʻOkakopa 2024

Ke ulu aʻe nei ka pilikia o nā manu noho kuahiwi o ko kākou pae ʻāina. Ke uhi aʻela ka manu malaria i nā kuahiwi, nā kualono, a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe, kahi a ua mau manu nei e noho ana. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ʻano maʻi, ʻo ka make, a ʻo ke emi koke loa o nā manu makamae a kākou.

ʻO ke kumu o ka manu malaria, ʻo ia nō kekahi koʻohune e noho ma loko o nā makika. ʻO ka nahu hoʻokahi a ka makika i ka manu ʻōiwi e noho kuahiwi ana, ʻo ka make koke ihola paha ia o ka manu no kona loaʻa ʻana i ke koʻohune. Aia nā lāhui makika he ʻewalu ma Hawaiʻi nei, akā naʻe, ʻo ka makika hale hema (southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus) ka mea nāna e hāpai i ke koʻohune ma loko ona. ʻO ka manawa mua i lawe ʻia mai ai ua lāhui makika lā ka makahiki 1826, ma luna o kekahi moku haole, a ua hiki mai ka maʻi manu malaria i nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 19. ʻAʻole kamaʻāina ko Hawaiʻi poʻe manu ʻōiwi i nā makika a me ke koʻohune pū e like me nā manu ʻē aʻe o ke ao, ua kūpalehia ʻole lākou. Ma ia wā mai, ua emi iho nā manu nahele a pau. Ua pau loa he 33 lāhui manu noho kuahiwi, e laʻa ka ʻōʻō a me ka mamo, ma muli o ka lawe ʻia mai o nā holoholona ʻai manu a ʻai hua manu, ke kua ʻia o ka nāhelehele, pēlā pū me ka maʻi malaria.

I kēia manawa, ua nui aʻela ka pōʻino nui loa e ili mai nei ma luna o nā manu noho kuahiwi, ʻoiai ʻo ke au kēia o ka loli aniau. ʻOiai ʻike pinepine nui ʻia nā makika ma nā wahi a kākou e noho ana, ʻaʻole i ʻike lihi ʻia nā makika i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā mokupuni no ke anuanu o laila. I ka wā ma mua, kū i ka laʻi koʻekoʻe nā uka o Alakaʻi ma Kauaʻi, Waikamoi ma Maui, a me Hakalau ma Hawaiʻi me ka makika ʻole. Akā naʻe, ma muli o ka loli aniau o kēia au, hoʻopiʻi ʻia aʻela nō ka wela o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma ko kākou pae ʻāina, ua piʻi iki maila ka mahana o nā kuahiwi, nā kualono, a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a pau. Hoʻomaka aʻela nā makika e komo aku i nā wahi kuahiwi a nā manu ʻai pua e noho malu nei. Ke lele ka makika, hele nō ka manu malaria ma loko ona.

E ka mea heluhelu, kamahaʻo nō nā manu noho kuahiwi. I ka wā kahiko, nui nā ʻano o ia mau manu ma ko Hawaiʻi pae ʻāina me nā waihoʻoluʻu like ʻole. Nani nō ke ʻike aku! Aia nā manu i ka nāhelehele e lele aku, lele mai ana me he mau ʻahuʻula lā i komo ʻia e nā aliʻi e kaʻi huakaʻi mai ana. ʻO ke leo hone o nā manu, ua like me kekahi hui puhi ʻohe me nā pila he nui. He kani leʻa nō ke hoʻolohe aku! ʻO nā manu nahele ka mea makamae loa o neʻi, e ka mea heluhelu. Puni nā aliʻi i nā hulu manu; he hōʻailona no ko lākou kapu a me ko lākou mana, a hana ʻia ko lākou ʻaʻahu me nā hulu, e laʻa ka mahiole a me ka ʻahuʻula. Ua wehi a pāʻihi nā aliʻi i nā hulu manu, e like me ka mea e ō mai ana ma loko o nā mele Hawaiʻi. Minamina nō hoʻi ka nalowale ʻana o ua mau manu nei.

Kakaʻikahi nā manu noho kuahiwi i kēia mau lā, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻike maka ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole kākou e kōkua i nā manu kuahiwi, nalowale loa lākou i ka manu malaria i ka wā pōkole. Ma waena o kēlā mau manu mūkīkī a pau, ʻehā lāhui manu ʻai pua e pau koke ana. ʻO ka ʻakikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) ma Kauaʻi, he 100 manu a emi iho e koe, e nalowale loa ana paha lākou i ka makahiki 2025. ʻEkolu paha makahiki e koe ai nā kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) ma Maui. ʻO nā ʻakekeʻe (Loxops caeruleirostris) ma kona wahi noho i uka o Kauaʻi, ʻehā wale nō makahiki e koe. ʻEwalu wale nō makahiki i koe i nā ʻākohekohe (Palmeria dolei) ma Maui.

E kuʻu hoa heluhelu nūpepa, ʻo wai ke kanaka i makemake ʻole e ʻike i ka ʻakikiki e holohiʻa aku, holohiʻa mai ana i kona ʻimi wai pua ʻana i nā pua like ʻole o ka nahele? ʻO wai kekahi i hoihoi ʻole i ka leo hone o ka ʻākohekohe a me ka ʻakekeʻe? He mea hewa ka nānāwale aku nō i ke emi ʻana o nā manu me ka hana ʻole. ʻAʻohe wahi ʻē aku e noho ai. Inā pau nā manu wehiwa e koe, pau loa lākou ma kēia mua aku, e like me nā manu i nalowale ma mua. Aia ka pono ʻo ka hoʻopalekana i nā manu makamae o nei pae ʻāina. I ahona nō ka hana mīʻoi a ke aupuni moku ʻāina, ke aupuni pekelala, a me nā ʻahahui Hawaiʻi i mea e pale ai i ua mau manu ʻōiwi nei.

Ua loaʻa kekahi kukui e hoʻomālamalama i ke ao polohiwa o nā manu e noho nei. Ma kēia nūpepa ʻo Ka Ulu Hoi, paʻi ia kekahi ʻatikala a Kēhau Noe i ka makahiki 2021. I laila nō i wehewehe ʻia ai ka hana noʻeau a ka ʻepekema e kāohi aku i ka malaria manu. Aia kekahi mea ola ʻuʻuku loa ma loko o nā makika, he ʻano koʻohune. Ua kapa ʻia ke koʻohuna e ka poʻe ʻepekema he Wolbachia.

ʻIke ʻia e ka poʻe ʻimi noiʻi, he mau ʻano hoʻi ko kēia koʻohune. Eia hoʻi, inā ʻaʻole like loa nā ʻano Wolbachia i loko o ka makika hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole hānau ʻia ka hua maikaʻi. Ua unuhi ʻia aku kekahi ʻano Wolbachia mai ka makika kika ʻĀsia (Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus), a laila hoʻokomo ʻia ua Wolbachia nei i loko o nā kane o nā makika hale hema. Lawe ʻia akula nā kini kāne makika i nā kuahiwi ma luna o ka helekopa a kuʻu ʻia ihola lākou. Ke hui maila kēlā mau makika kāne a me nā makika wahine, ʻokoʻa nō nā ʻano Wolbachia ma loko o lāua. Ma muli o nā ʻano Wolbachia ʻelua ma loko o ka makika lāhui hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hopena, ʻaʻole nō puka mai ka pūnua ke hānau ʻia ka hua e ka wahine. Eia nō ke kaupalena hānau o nā makika, ʻo ke emi mai koe o ka lāhui makika.

Huliāmahi nā ʻahahui mālama ʻāina, ke aupuni moku ʻāina, a me ke aupuni pekelala i mea e hoʻopalekana ai i nā manu makamae. Ua holomua kēlā hana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waihona kālā i ka makahiki 2023 a me ka hoʻāpono ʻana a ke Keʻena Mālama Kaiapuni (Environmental Protection Agency) i ua hana ʻepekema noʻeau nei. Eia kekahi, ke kūkulu ʻia nei kekahi ʻahahui hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Manu ʻAʻole Makika (Birds Not Mosquitoes), ka mea nāna e alakaʻi i ka papahana. I ka makahiki 2024, hoʻomaka ʻia ka hana kaupalena hānau ma Maui me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā makika he 500,000 i kēlā me kēia pule. ʻAkahi nō a hoʻomaka ʻia ka hana like ma Kauaʻi. Makemake ʻia e hoʻomau i ka hana ā pau loa nā makika a me ka manu malaria.

No laila, e ka mea heluhelu, e ʻike ana auaneʻi kākou i ka holopono o kēia hana hoʻopalekana manu. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kā kākou ʻōlelo noʻeau: ʻaʻohe hana nui ke alu ʻia. He kuleana ko kākou, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā manu noho kuahiwi, i kō ai ka pilina i hōʻike ʻia iho ma kēia mau lālani mele, mai ke koʻihonua e kaulana nei:

Hānau ka ʻakekeke ka makua

Puka kāna keiki he ʻelepaio, lele…

Hānau ke kikiki ka makua

Puka kāna keiki he ʻūkihi, lele

Pēlā pū me ka pule kahiko, e hānau a puka hou nā manu noho kuahiwi e ola loa nō a kau i ka puaaneane - lele wale aku!